Ulva intestinalis specimen collected 2017-10-06 from Nahant Bay with a genomic DNA sample available at the Ocean Genome Legacy biorepository. Ulvaceae. 2003. Ulva prolifera propagules and microalgae are both present in seawater and share similar niches, but their potential interactions are poorly understood. Furthermore, some marine forms of U. intestinalis are more difficult for grazers to handle and ingest than species with more frond structure (Watson and Norton 1985). Raffaelli, D.G., J.A. Norton. 1984). The physical characteristics of seaweed thalli as deterrents to littorine grazers. Furthermore, Romano et al. Blyttia 38(1): 9-18. [8] They are generally arranged randomly but in some cases can form disorganized rosettes. Zimmerman. 1987. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. Sporophytes usually occur over a wider temperature and salinity range than gametophytes. Finally, as previously mentioned, the population originally found near a salt plant at Wolf Creek, New York (Muenscher 1927) has decreased and may no longer even be present, probably due to decreased salinity (Marcus et al. Ulva intestinalis has an enhanced ability to form blooms in eutrophic conditions. Canadian Field Naturalist 98(2): 198-208. Fouled snails in flow: potential of epibionts on Littorina littorea to increase drag and reduce snail growth rates. The effect of salinity on the growth rate of the macroalgae Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) in the Mondego estuary (west Portugal). Plants – Plantae. 1994. Enteromorpha intestinalis) (Linnaeus). The algae may be reproductive at all times of the year. Great Lakes region nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state/province, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations†. Thalli of this species of green alga are yellow green to vibrant or dark green and tubular, hollow, wrinkled, convolute, intestine-like, and crumpled looking. However, the described effects deviated from our observations in axenic cultures of U. mutabilis or Ulva intestinalis, which require at least two bacteria with differing properties to affect their development and morphogenesis (Spoerner et al., 2012; Ghaderiardakani et al., 2017). 2000, Cummins et al. Potential: Ulva intestinalis has caused serious negative impacts in marine and coastal areas outside of the Great Lakes region. Oikos 89: 46-58. Effects of the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis on macrobenthic and seagrass assemblages in a shallow coastal estuary. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 8(2): 163-172. Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam) 56(1): 1-11. Flindt, and J.C. Marques. (2003) observed in England an increase in friction drag with the presence of Ulva intestinalis mats, causing a 10% to 56% reduction in current velocities. In such conditions, grazing pressure often cannot control massive blooms (Lotze et al. Results of present study confirmed the potential usefulness of marine algae in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. The reduction of pollution and nutrient run-off could decrease the viable habitat for U. intestinalis. Brinsley, and F.J. Staff. Forest, and B. Shero. Marine Ecology Progress Series 266: 77-87. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. Cordi, B., J. Peloquin, D.N. Bjoerk, M., L. Axelsson, and S. Beer. 2002. Linnaeus, C. (1753). Nitrogen enrichment ameliorates the negative effects of reduced salinity on the green macroalga Enteromorpha intestinalis. 2004. Worm, and U. Sommer. There is little or no evidence to support that Ulva intestinalis has significant beneficial effects in the Great Lakes. In some references the species (Ulva intestinalis) is treated as two subspecies: ssp. Journal of Phycology 34: 319-340. 1984. Table 1.