facts about galileo spacecraft

[citation needed], Because The Assayer contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto. [33][34][35] The flyby was also used as a rehearsal for the Juno science team to test some instruments and practice certain procedures before the arrival at Jupiter. [190] The speed of light has since been determined to be far too fast to be measured by such methods. Facts About Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei – the father of modern science and one of history’s most influential figures, today’s astronomers owe Galileo a great debt. [21] The spacecraft performed an orbit insertion burn to slow it enough to allow capture. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy" (though he was never formally charged with heresy, relieving him of facing corporal punishment). the galileo spacecraft dropped a probe into jupiters atmospere, it was crushed by the dangerous gases once it decended about 130,000. (Principal investigator: G. Randall Gladstone, Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Jupiter's Orbit", "NASA probe blasts off for Jupiter after launch-pad snags", "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Will Soon Be in Jupiter's Grip", "Winds in Jupiter's Little Red Spot Almost Twice as Fast as Strongest Hurricane", "Juno's Solar Cells Ready to Light Up Jupiter Mission", "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter", "NASA Sets Next US$1 Billion New Frontiers Competition for 2016", "NASA Announces New Discovery Program Awards", "NASA going green with solar-powered Jupiter probe", "NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Launch Schedule", "NASA's Juno Mission to Remain in Current Orbit at Jupiter", "NASA's Juno to Get a Close Look at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede", "See the First Images NASA's Juno Took as It Sailed by Ganymede | NASA", "NASA's Juno Mission Expands Into the Future", "The success of Juno's Jupiter mission has its origins in a famous idea from more than 50 years ago", "NASA Spacecraft Slingshots By Earth On Way to Jupiter, Snaps Photos", "Earth Triptych from NASA's Juno Spacecraft", "NASA's Juno Gives Starship-Like View of Earth Flyby", "NASA's Juno Spacecraft in Orbit Around Mighty Jupiter", "Live coverage: NASA's Juno spacecraft arrives at Jupiter", "Juno provides new data on Jupiter; readies for primary science mission", "NASA's Juno spacecraft to remain in current orbit around Jupiter", "Juno Gets A Little Bigger With One More Payload For Jovian Delivery", "Understanding Juno's Orbit: An Interview with NASA's Scott Bolton", "NASA's Juno probe snaps first images of Jupiter's north pole", "NASA's Juno spacecraft went into safe mode last night", "NASA Juno Mission Completes Latest Jupiter Flyby", "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Completes Fifth Jupiter Flyby", "NASA's Juno Spacecraft Completes Sixth Jupiter Flyby", "Juno Will Stay in Current Orbit Around Jupiter", "To protect potential alien life, NASA will destroy its US$1 billion Jupiter spacecraft on purpose", "NASA Extends Exploration for Two Planetary Science Missions", https://archive.today/20210609043534/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/08/juno-nasa-jupiter-moon-ganymede, "Io Volcano Observer proposal selected for further study by NASA's Discovery Program: More Love for Outer Space", "NASA Juno Spacecraft to remain in Elongated Capture Orbit around Jupiter", "NASA Sets Launch Coverage Events For Mission To Jupiter", "The Planetary Exploration Budget Dataset", "Key and driving requirements for the Juno payload suite of instruments", "More and Juno Ka-band transponder design, performance, qualification and in-flight validation", "After Five Years in Space, a Moment of Truth", "Instruments : the Jupiter Infrared Aural Mapper", "Instruments: Gravity Science Experiment", "NASA's Juno Mission Halfway to Jupiter Science", "Ganymede in True (RGB) and False (GRB) Colour", "Cruising to Jupiter: A Powerful Math Lesson – Teachable Moments", "NASA's Juno Mission to Jupiter to Be Farthest Solar-Powered Trip", "U.S. to restart plutonium production for deep space exploration", "Plutonium Shortage Could Stall Space Exploration", "The Plutonium Problem: Who Pays For Space Fuel? [76][77][78], In his Dialogue, he reported that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcseconds, and that of one of sixth magnitude to be about 5/6 arcseconds. [25], During the science mission, infrared and microwave instruments will measure the thermal radiation emanating from deep within Jupiter's atmosphere. Many considered him the father of modern physics, the father of modern astronomy, father of modern physics. [60][61], Juno was originally proposed at a cost of approximately US$700 million (fiscal year 2003) for a launch in June 2009 (equivalent to US$985 million in 2020). [33], Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. Launch The Galileo spacecraft and its two-stage Inertial Upper Stage were carried into Earth Actual vehicles are designed with a variety of shapes depending on the mission. His telescopes were also a profitable sideline for Galileo, who sold them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade. These gravity variations drive small probe velocity changes. Found inside – Page iJoseph H. Yuen and the other contribu tors to this book are to be commended for the time and care they have devoted to explicating one vital aspect of a great adventure of mankind. He discovered that the sun has sunspots, which appear to be dark in color. There is a thin atmosphere at Callisto made mostly of carbon dioxide. [191] This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight. [109] It has been widely recognized as a masterpiece of polemical literature,[110][111] in which "Sarsi's" arguments are subjected to withering scorn. When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared. Found inside – Page 184The Galileo spacecraft remained operational in Jupiter's vicinity for nearly 8 years. In all, it made 35 circuits of Jupiter and completed 34 flybys of its major satellites. It re- turned a rich stream of information that transformed ... In fact, this is only approximately true,[188] as was discovered by Christiaan Huygens. 1 Galileo was sent to a Jesuit monastery to study medicine. [23][24][56] Then, a flyby of Europa is expected to occur at the end of 2022 at a distance of 320 kilometres (200 miles). The concept now named Galileo's paradox was not original with him. [20] The spacecraft was designed to orbit Jupiter 37 times over the course of its mission. Aside from Earth, Mars is the planet that astronomers know the most about. The spacecraft, Galileo, had a hand in discovering the source of the dust. Galileo named the group of four the Medicean stars, in honour of his future patron, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Cosimo's three brothers. [57][58] His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611. The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used to survey France, and later by Zebulon Pike of the midwestern United States in 1806. This is a mass-produced, low-cost educational 2-inch (51 mm) telescope with relatively high quality. 74. [86] The reference to tides was removed from the title by order of the Inquisition. The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon. [45], The spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter (perijove 1) on 26 August 2016, and captured the first images of the planet's north pole. [37] On 5 July 2016, between 03:18 and 03:53 UTC Earth-received time, an insertion burn lasting 2,102 seconds decelerated Juno by 542 m/s (1,780 ft/s)[38] and changed its trajectory from a hyperbolic flyby to an elliptical, polar orbit with a period of about 53.5 days. [citation needed], Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration, as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible, or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum. 3. [183] The Linceans played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at". [50][51], Although the mission's lifetime is inherently limited by radiation exposure, almost all of this dose was planned to be acquired during the perijoves. He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x). What did Galileo prove? Found insideIn Out There Space.com senior writer Dr. Michael Wall treats that question as merely the beginning, touching off a wild ride of exploration into the final frontier. Arrival at Jupiter and polar orbit insertion (1st orbit). The Pioneer spacecraft served as scouts for the Voyagers, showing that the radiation environment of Jupiter … [69][82](Principal investigator: Barry Mauk, Applied Physics Laboratory), This instrument will identify the regions of auroral currents that define Jovian radio emissions and acceleration of the auroral particles by measuring the radio and plasma spectra in the auroral region. His father urged him to study at the University of Pisa to become a doctor. [14][156] The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II, wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce, next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour. Saturn is huge. [73][74] The MWR is designed to function through orbit 11 of Jupiter. Found inside – Page 752A handful of asteroids have actually been imaged by the Arecibo and Goldstone radio telescopes and by the NEAR Shoemaker space probe. The Galileo spacecraft imaged the asteroids Gaspra and Ida (including Ida's moon Dactyl) on its way to ... [citation needed], Planet Galileo and asteroid 697 Galilea are named in his honour. For Juno, however, the three largest solar panel wings ever deployed on a planetary probe play an integral role in stabilizing the spacecraft as well as generating power.[10]. It was during the Galileo space mission in 1996 that scientists discovered the magnetosphere. Callisto has been explored by the Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, Cassini and New Horizons missions. Galileo's subsystems were damaged by radiation during its mission, including an LED in its data recording system. The magnetometer experiment consists of the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM), which will observe the strength and direction of the magnetic field lines, and the Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC), which will monitor the orientation of the magnetometer sensors. [31], Due to their illegitimate birth, Galileo considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to Galileo's previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters. But after four years he announced he’d found his calling: to be a monk. [41] In June 2018, NASA extended the mission through July 2021, as described below. [104] The Jesuits were offended,[104][103] and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance,[107] under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,[108] purporting to be one of his own pupils. [22] This extended mission began with a flyby of Ganymede on 7 June 2021. Corrections? From his measurements of this distance and of the width of the rope, he could calculate the angle subtended by the star at his viewing point. [34], Although Galileo seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled in 1580 at the University of Pisa for a medical degree. [54][53][59], Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas is the principal investigator and is responsible for all aspects of the mission. What are some crazy facts about Skittles? It was soon followed by other unmanned Soviet and U.S. spacecraft and, within four years (April 12, 1961), by the first manned spacecraft, Vostok 1, which carried the Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin. [157][158], These plans were dropped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested,[157][158][159] because Galileo had been condemned by the Catholic Church for "vehement suspicion of heresy". [243] Following the success of The Assayer, Galileo published the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) in 1632. A number of spacecraft have flown past the planet Jupiter and its moons – sending back images and a lot of information about the Jovian worlds. The communication system is also used as part of the Gravity Science experiment. A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. The first person to look into space with a telescope was Galileo, nearly 400 years ago. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. [9][10][11], Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. (The correct approach to the study of comets had been proposed at the time by Tycho Brahe.) On JADE, like JEDI, the electron analyzers are installed on three sides of the upper plate which allows a measure of frequency three times higher. Vincenzo decided that his son should become a doctor. The plaque was provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and measures 7.1 by 5.1 cm (2.8 by 2.0 in). [74][75] He also devised a method for measuring the apparent size of a star without a telescope. [105] Juno provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole, as well as providing insight about Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere. Galileo stated: "Imagine any particle projected along a horizontal plane without friction; then we know, from what has been more fully explained in the preceding pages, that this particle will move along this same plane with a motion which is uniform and perpetual, provided the plane has no limits". This volume contains working papers on astronomy and astrophysics prepared by 15 non-National Research Council panels in areas ranging from radio astronomy to the status of the profession. The first spacecraft, the Soviet Union’s Sputnik 1, was launched on October 4, 1957; it weighed 83.6 kg (184 pounds). This volume fills that gap by providing a summary of what is presently known about Mars and identifying many puzzles such as polar cap variance, occurrence of dust storms, and the possible location of water. American-built Telstar 1 communications satellite, launched July 10, 1962, which relayed the first transatlantic television signals. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy, on the 15th of February 1564, he died on the 8th of January 1642. Communications are via the 34 m (112 ft) and 70 m (230 ft) antennas of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) utilizing an X-band direct link. [citation needed], For Galileo, the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth's surface sped up and slowed down because of the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun. Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors. Because of a suspected problem in Juno's main engine, the burn scheduled on 11 December 2016 was cancelled, and Juno will remain in its 53-day orbit until the first Ganymede encounter of its Extended Mission. [60][61], From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibits a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon. NASA budgetary restrictions resulted in postponement until August 2011, and a launch on board an Atlas V rocket in the 551 configuration. 195 Copy quote. The instrument consists of two antennae that detect radio and plasma waves. Galileo was the first spacecraft to orbit and deploy a probe into the atmosphere of an outer planet. Meteors hit the inner moon, which kicks it up and sends it into orbit around Jupiter. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted Holy Scripture. [8][42] The "Juno Radiation Vault", with 1-centimeter-thick titanium walls, also aids in protecting Juno's electronics. (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms). Deep-space probes, such as the Galileo spacecraft that went into orbit around Jupiter in 1995 and the Cassini spacecraft launched to Saturn in 1997, are usually powered by small, long-lived radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which convert heat emitted by a radioactive element such as plutonium directly into electricity. Due to telecommunications constraints, Juno will only be able to return about 40 megabytes of JunoCam data during each 11-day orbital period, limiting the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to somewhere between 10 and 100 depending on the compression level used. But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius[199] and Simon Stevin. Juno is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after the nuclear powered Galileo orbiter, which orbited from 1995 to 2003. [citation needed], In 1610, Galileo also observed the planet Saturn, and at first mistook its rings for planets,[64] thinking it was a three-bodied system. [114], Galileo's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many Jesuits,[115] and Galileo and his friends were convinced that they were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation,[116] although supporting evidence for this is not conclusive. Get Free Access See Review. [12][13] During this time, he wrote Two New Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials, summarizing work he had done around forty years earlier. Shortly after it cleared Earth's atmosphere, the panels were deployed. Five months later, the probe sliced into Jupiter's atmosphere at 106,000 mph (47 kilometers per second). [93], The combined mass of the three panels is nearly 340 kg (750 lb). This data will provide insight into Jupiter's origins. [94], In 1619, Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi, professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano. [14], Dava Sobel argues that prior to Galileo's 1633 trial and judgement for heresy, Pope Urban VIII had become preoccupied with court intrigue and problems of state, and began to fear persecution or threats to his own life. Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and "hydrostatic balances". Galileo was ordered to read the Seven Penitential Psalms once a week for the next three years. It was called The Starry Messenger. It was the first spacecraft to deploy an entry probe into an outer planet's atmosphere. The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo, and had opposed the admonition of Galileo in 1616. In view of Galileo's rather implausible denial that he had ever held Copernican ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue, his final interrogation, in July 1633, concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth, but he maintained his denial despite the threat.[140][141][142]. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit in 1973, and was followed shortly after by Pioneer 11 in 1974. In that time, it collected thousands of photos of Jupiter, discovered the rest of Jupiter’s 79 moons, and sent another probe into Jupiter’s atmosphere. He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo. Deep-space probes, such as the Galileo spacecraft that went into orbit around Jupiter in 1995 and the Cassini spacecraft launched to Saturn in 1997, are usually powered by small, long-lived radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which convert heat emitted by a radioactive element such as plutonium directly into electricity. [70](Principal investigator: William Kurth, University of Iowa), UVS will record the wavelength, position and arrival time of detected ultraviolet photons during the time when the spectrograph slit views Jupiter during each turn of the spacecraft. On 10 January, Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter. [38][39], In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. Launched in October 1989, Galileo reached Jupiter in December 1995, where it operated until September 2003. NASA's Galileo Spacecraft - … It is believed that the famous velocity experiment was conducted here. [238], His early works on dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his circa 1590 Pisan De Motu (On Motion) and his circa 1600 Paduan Le Meccaniche (Mechanics). [62], The Juno spacecraft's suite of science instruments will:[64], The Juno mission's scientific objectives will be achieved with a payload of nine instruments on board the spacecraft:[68][69][70][71][72], The microwave radiometer comprises six antennas mounted on two of the sides of the body of the probe. Vega 2 1984: The sister spacecraft to Vega 1, with an almost identical mission as Vega 1. He circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini. After nearly eight years, Galileo's mission is over. facts about Galileo - Wolfram|Alpha. [24], When he did refer to himself with more than one name, it was sometimes as Galileo Galilei Linceo, a reference to his being a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, an elite pro-science organization in Italy. [157][161] He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour;[162][163] during this move, three fingers and a tooth were removed from his remains. [49] Perijove 4 occurred on 2 February 2017, with all instruments operating. referring to exoplanets. [70](Principal investigator: G. Randall Gladstone, Southwest Research Institute), A visible light camera/telescope, included in the payload to facilitate education and public outreach; later re-purposed to study the dynamics of Jupiter's clouds, particularly those at the poles. [84] Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide such evidence. Traditionally, the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun, where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases. [31], After traveling for about a year in an elliptical heliocentric orbit, Juno fired its engine twice in 2012 near aphelion (beyond the orbit of Mars) to change its orbit and return to pass by the Earth at a distance of 559 kilometers in October 2013. [132], For the next decade, Galileo stayed well away from the controversy. The U.S. space shuttle orbiter uses three onboard liquid-fuel engines supplied by a disposable external tank and a pair of solid-fuel boosters to reach space. [212] In 1741, Pope Benedict XIV authorised the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works[213] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue. [76][77][78], Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as engineering, as distinct from pure physics. Spacecraft from Earth have visited Venus. Learn about the amazing missions and the scientists who plan them This book features a center spread with fast facts, perfect for report writing. He revived his project of writing a book on the subject, encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. Featuring a center spread with fast facts, this great book will tell readers everything they need to know about the biggest planet, including missions and the scientists who planned them, and the spacecraft they used to do so. [27] The vehicle coasted for about 30 minutes, and then the Centaur was reignited for a second firing of 9 minutes, placing the spacecraft on an Earth escape trajectory in a heliocentric orbit. [8] Unlike all earlier spacecraft sent to the outer planets,[8] Juno is powered by solar panels, commonly used by satellites orbiting Earth and working in the inner Solar System, whereas radioisotope thermoelectric generators are commonly used for missions to the outer Solar System and beyond. In 1591, his father died, and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. Attained a degree in mathematics at the University of Pisa. A NASA compilation of mission names and acronyms referred to the mission by the backronym Jupiter Near-polar Orbiter. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition. However, Galileo's values were much smaller than previous estimates of the apparent sizes of the brightest stars, such as those made by Brahe, and enabled Galileo to counter anti-Copernican arguments such as those made by Tycho that these stars would have to be absurdly large for their annual parallaxes to be undetectable. Found inside – Page 267The sPacecraft carefully measures the cosmic microWave background, helping scientists answer key questions about the big ... sPectrum ○ On its way to juPiter, nasa's galIleo sPacecraft passes within 1,600 km of the asteroid 951 Gaspra. Galileo is sometimes credited with the discovery of the lunar libration in latitude in 1632,[49] although Thomas Harriot or William Gilbert might have done it before. Galileo Spacecraft My Topic The topic I chose to research is the Galileo spacecraft. The former was based on Aristotelian–Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body's specific weight over that of the medium, whereby in a vacuum, bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights. [8] After completing its mission, Juno will be intentionally deorbited into Jupiter's atmosphere. The innermost ring is known as the halo. It remained on Jupiter for a while and gave sufficient information to the scientists. The Galileo spacecraft and probe traveled as one for almost six years. "[132] The decree of the Congregation of the Index banned Copernicus's De Revolutionibus and other heliocentric works until correction. This portrait allows us to see the tomb of Galileo Galilei where he resides in Florence, Italy. [152], After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634, where he spent part of his life under house arrest. This vlog style film recreates a famous experiment in which Galileo, an Italian scientist, dropped two objects from the Leaning tower of Pisa in 1589. Facts about Neptune for Kids: Neptune’s rings are so faint that prior to the Voyager 2 spacecraft mission, the rings weren’t thought to be complete. If you could see the earth illuminated when you were in a place as dark as night, it would look to you more splendid than the moon. Religious opposition to heliocentrism arose from biblical passages implying the fixed nature of the Earth. [citation needed], The Assayer was Galileo's devastating reply to the Astronomical Balance. Presents a history of robot spacecraft and their use as well as related scientific concepts and brief biographies of important individuals. The combination of different wavelengths and the emission angle should make it possible to obtain a temperature profile at various levels of the atmosphere. It was common for mid-sixteenth-century Tuscan families to name the eldest son after the parents' surname. [52] During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere, which may cause future failure of certain instruments and risk collision with Jupiter's moons. [37] Up to this point, Galileo had deliberately been kept away from mathematics, since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician. The orbits were carefully planned in order to minimize contact with Jupiter's dense radiation belts, which can damage spacecraft electronics and solar panels, by exploiting a gap in the radiation envelope near the planet, passing through a region of minimal radiation.
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