tebuconazole mode of action

I now fully realize the tremendous amount of effort expended by Dr. Westcott in developing the Handbook. A book such as this is never finished, since one is never sure that everything has been included that should be. The Henry's Law constant for tebuconazole is estimated as 1.4X10-10 atm-cu m/mole (SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.3X10-8 mm Hg (1), and water solubility, 36 mg/L (1). Here, we tested 2 triazole fungicides, propiconazole, and tebuconazole (Te), for individual and combined effects on liver toxicity-related endpoints. 0000214060 00000 n The modes of action of fungicides were never well classified and presented, making difficult to estimate their possible nontarget effects. In this paper, we report herbicidal characteristics of EK-5229 in terms of symptoms and whole plant growth response, and possible involvement of its mechanism in cell wall biosynthesis … A complete peanut fungicide with the broadest spectrum of protection against all major foliar and soil-borne diseases, including early and late leaf spot, rust, white mold, southern blight, Rhizoctonia and others. 0000002319 00000 n 1 . Tebuconazole Mode of action Systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action. 0000003007 00000 n Fruit rot, Powdery mildew, Tikka and Rust, blast, Sheath blight, purple blotch. For example, you should not substitute propiconazole with tebuconazole. However, very limited information is available on the resistance profile of B. cinerea to tebuconazole. Application. Mode of Action. defence inducers (P), recent molecules with an unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk (U, transient status, mostly not longer than 8 years, until information about mode of action and mechanism of resistance becomes available), and multi-site inhibitors (M). The compounds shown inTable 1 are the registered Dithiocarbamate This book is ideal for researchers in pesticide toxicology, exposure toxicology, toxicologic risk assessment, occupational hygiene and medicine, and pesticide toxicology as well as occupational health and industrial hygiene practitioners, ... This fifth edition of the classic textbook in plant pathology outlines how to recognize, treat, and prevent plant diseases. Evolution of two proven fungicides delivers excellent disease control in peanuts, soybeans and cucurbits. Sterol biosynthesis inhibitor. 0000000936 00000 n ��?|o��G'�V�aNE݂8��� {/c�p=�G!7��b�m6���=ɶ�3�.�����b&N7umWg�Pƭ�̛����5;�&�F�*��l�����P��c��Pj�K�$��~=H��������ɼ^4���.�z+S:������ R��σ�4��3�� 0 ��� Folicur ® 250 EC is an emulsifiable concentrate containing 250g/l tebuconazole. Helmstar Plus SC is a premier premix fungicide offering growers a best-in-class formulation of two complimentary systemic active ingredients. Found inside – Page 333Azoles such as epoxiconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, or tebuconazole and imidazoles such as prochloraz belong to the group of demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). Their mode of action is through inhibition of demethylation at 14‐α ... Triazoles are the leading chemical class of fungicides worldwide. Tebuconazole Uses: Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. 0000000016 00000 n This gives PREMION a unique mode of action against 0000001285 00000 n Found inside – Page 7... toxicity profiles , these new compounds are low - rate technologies and offer different mode of actions . Tebuconazole provides loose smut control in cereals with 1-3 g a.i./100kg seeds and metalaxyl - M prevents Pythium attack with ... Tebuconazole is currently registered for use as a seed treatment, for use on wheat, barley, oats, corn, nuts, cucurbits and soybeans and as a wood preservative. Alternating fungicides with different modes of action is essential to prevent pathogen populations from developing resistance to classes of fungicides. MODE OF ACTION : Tebuconazole is a demethylase inhibitor (DMI) - interferes in process of building the structure of the fungal cell wall. Found inside – Page 220Mechanisms of action of biocides Mode of action Examples Oxidising , causes lysis of cell wall and cell ... affects electron transport Imazalil , Tebuconazole , Propiconazole Diuron , Irgarol , Terbutryn In recent years , a new approach ... 0000006401 00000 n Tebuconazole Biochemistry. Triazoles (propiconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole, triflumazole) Morpholines (dimethomorph) Inhibits sterol production at different site than imidazoles and triazoles. Sub-tropical areas (e.g. An evaluation of available Mode of Action Uptake and/or Mobility Concern Over Resistance Comments Chemical Family: Dithiocarbamates Mancozeb M3 Fore, Mancozeb, Dithane T/O, Protect T/O general contact (no uptake into the tissue) low These types of fungicides have broad-spectrum control properties and are used as protectants. Grain production scenario. ... the consecutive use of HELMSTAR PLUS SC or other Group 3 and or 11 fungicides/bactericides that might have a similar mode of action, on the same disease species. 0000005840 00000 n Why is it important to know the physiological mode of action of fungicides ? KUL Razodia Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% SC Fungicide (500ml) : Amazon.in: Garden & Outdoors Mode of Action of Tebuconazole … the dosage is 1 to 1.5 Ml Per liter the delivery charge is free for all over india. Tebuconazole is a fungicide that is known as a DMI (demethylation inhibiting fungicide). Our products offer a wide variety of fungicidal benefits, with multiple modes of action … A protec … azoxystrobin has the FRAC code 11 whereas tebuconazole has the FRAC code 3 (Table 2); their mode of action is different. With preventive and curative activity from two powerful modes of action, Helmstar Plus quickly knocks down diseases and provides a residual barrier to inhibit any newly forming diseases. Resulting from the premier forum for pesticide development and use, this volume provides comprehensive coverage and even captures emerging technologies within the industry. The difference in the bioactivity of the tetraconazole enantiomers was not provided for the mode of action or toxicity studies for this screening assessment. $15.00/bu. View the product label for Tebuconazole 3.6F from Quali-Pro. �p���B�愞/��X�Se��'kA �c�~z�Ǧcz�lb���R��5v{5�B� ��NE7��V��=�2X����h9iV����O���c(��0�n6,K��d����EJ�J�1M����©x�;¨�wdE����'#��9������ۜ�sxY�u��w�R�e��|��l^Gr�"����G��T?L94���iW���̲+� +��t A triazole fungicide which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. 63 0 obj <> endobj 2. This is why some products are classified as group U, unknown mode of action. Tebuconazole has a mode of action that is a systemic action (as well as preventive, curative, eradicative action). Fish bioaccumulation occurs to a moderate degree, and depuration is rapid. Some of these fungicides are commonly known as Tilt (propiconazole), Rally (myclobutanil), Folicur (tebuconazole), and Procure (triflumizole) and are widely-used in agriculture. Advan LLC • Sostram Corporation Rapidly absorbed into the vegetative parts of the plant, with translocation principally acropetally. Find here Tebuconazole, 107534-96-3 manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. Finally, it inhibits the reproduction and further growth of fungus. Fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, the casual agent of gray mold of vegetables and fruits, has a high risk of developing resistance to fungicide. Folicur contains Tebuconazole a systemic triazole fungicide. 5 Mixing: Add labeled amount of Tebuconazole 3.6 into the spray tank while filling with water to the desired level. ��$͏�}�͊E1o} �����TC1�lv[׫r[�?5PQ��*���)^��$}�V�ޫ�����hu��~ݟsѴ��tZo�ˎ\{�� �X|~���ab�+8V?wկ�B��ߑ�*��@Ȇ@�8���i2t������ Mode of Action: SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE HAVING PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE ACTION. ; It has both Contact & Systemic action along with Translaminar properties. This book contains 25 chapters on various aspects of fungicide science from efficacy to resistance, toxicology and development of new fungicides that provides a comprehensive and authoritative account for the role of fungicides in modern ... H���OO�@���s�l����쿩S�ĩ�z��(Tũܤ*߾c;��ȗ�5��f@Q&y�L�l���89����� 2���H+t� \��"ܜ��g3H���5���O�K0 Folicur contains Tebuconazole a systemic triazole fungicide. Two fungicides has different modes of action - Excellent protective and curative activity due to Tebuconazole & protective action due to Trifloxystrobin. Since tebuconazole is an ergosterol inhibitor, from the perspective of its mode of action, it has a bacteriostatic effect on pathogens. methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) benzimidazole thiabendazole Mertect xylem mobile . This book fills that need. Written by a panel of international experts, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology reviews Tebuconazole, one kind of demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, has been increasingly applied for the control of tomato gray mold in China. Herbicides - Current Research and Case Studies in Use provides information about current trends in herbicide use and weed control in different land and aquatic settings as well as case studies in particular weed control situations. 0000005323 00000 n It acts as a sterol inhibiting fungicide (preventing spores). Substances with the same target organ, same toxic effect and same mode of action (MoA) are believed to cause additive effects, whereas substances with different MoAs are assumed to act independently. ... Mode Of Action: Curative and Eradicative mode of Action. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. Application of Folicur results in … FASCURE TEBUCONAZOLE 25.9% EC Fungicide. One principle that is absolutely critical is to avoid continuous use of fungicides with the same mode of action. The mode of action met the criteria established by the Agency. Triazoles are the leading chemical class of fungicides worldwide. )8P�i�����>&�d�����N�pTϙ(Td]K��qOS���C��7O���C���z�����|�� �)/{]c�F-$��fw@J?t�ޔ`D�Կh�ܬ���s�]7!9+��]�~EM�����+b!;dd���`�MY��ʞU�͢^���yq6\�_!d#�d��h��@�e�ꤠ��g���ᑴٙ�N/�Sav��5G�eD��>Z�6[���2���,G���g�T$��r�l? Distributor: Al Emar Co. WHO classification: Product: moderately hazardous Rapidly absorbed into the vegetative parts … startxref Physiological plant pathology represents those specialities within plant pathology which focus on the physiological and biochemical activities of pathogens and on the response of host plant tissues. Fungicides are classified according to their mode of action, or numeric FRAC code. Nativo is a new combination fungicide containing Tebuconazole and Trifloxystrobin. Tebuconazole Mode of action Systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action. Predict can be applied preventively and to be repeated at 15 days interval depending upon prevailing weather conditions and disease pressure Get Price Quote. The R-form is more biologically active than the S-form. Mosam has good protective, curative, eradicative and anti sporulant mode of action. Tebuconazole Mode of action Systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action. 0000004126 00000 n thiophanate-methyl Topsin M, Cleary’s 3336, Cercobin 2 : dicarboximide . Mode of action: Tebuconazole is a fungicidal triazole compound that acts as a demethylation inhibitor (DMI) of fungal sterol biosynthesis. In rice, it improves the yield quality by reducing incidence of dirty panicle in later crop stages. Technical: Tebuconazole 50%+ Trifloxystrobin 25% w/w WG (75 WG). #�T4�x\(ޢRN��B��T��6*p�Hc�l��\�� r�J��¢S�n$W.��� �CewL7���`�yxwK'$��6=e�;��ѷ9H�;_���jr�!�A��M&��C Mode of Action Disrupts membrane function by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis (References 1 and 11). The present findings were complementary: leaf-disc tests showed when the fungicides were most effective at inhibiting E. necator infection cycles; the field trial provided results in terms of incidence and severity of disease on bunches without reference to the pathogenic cycle development. However, during a runoff event, tebuconazole adsorbed onto the soil particles could enter adjacent bodies of surface water via runoff. 0000001957 00000 n Tebuconazole Mode of action Systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action. Found inside – Page iii... ( Brassica napus L. ) in Lithuania as affected by different prochloraz and tebuconazole application times 521 J. BUDDEMEYER ... gegenüber der FusariumWelke Mode of action of the resistance218 429 545 183 557 247 494 302 345 465 209. <<28E6ECBFEB0247428B23D90C26E5F0B4>]>> endstream endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream 0000001711 00000 n Tebuconazole (Elite), triflumizole (Viticure), and myclobutanil (Rally) 4: Trifloxystrobin (Flint), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), and pyraclostrobin/boscalid (Pristine) Resistance Management. WHO classification: Active ingredient: moderately hazardous Folicur offers an effective and reliable solution against a wide spectrum of diseases in many crops by protective, curative and eradicative action. Fluopyram belongs to a new chemical class discovered by Bayer. Versatile pre-mix combining multi-site mode of action of chlorothalonil and systemic action of tebuconazole delivers both preventive and curative activity. 0000002408 00000 n Food Toxicants Analysis covers different aspects from the field of analytical food toxicology including emerging analytical techniques and applications to detect food allergens, genetically modified organisms, and novel ingredients ... Tebuconazole Formulation: Folicur ® 250 EW is an emulsifiable in water containing 250g/l tebuconazole. Bayer fungicides deliver consistent control and are proven to reduce the likelihood of yield loss, helping growers bring healthy crops to harvest and higher margins to their books. Folicur offers an effective and reliable solution against a wide spectrum of diseases in many crops by protective, curative, and eradicative action. endstream endobj 74 0 obj <>stream Fungicide resistance: a widespread problem Rapidly absorbed into the vegetative parts … The technical material is an isomeric mixture of the (S-) and (R-) isomers. Tebuconazole APPLICATIONS Tebuconazole Biochemistry Sterol demethylation (ergosterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. This volume offers a comprehensive coverage of the general principles and recent advances in fungicide resistance. Tebuconazole APPLICATIONS Tebuconazole Biochemistry Sterol demethylation (ergosterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. Tebuconazole APPLICATIONS Tebuconazole Biochemistry Sterol demethylation (ergosterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. In many cases the precise target site is not known. Many successful microbial biofungicides can colonise and grow in treated soil or on plant leaves, providing a long-term source of microbial and biochemical modes of action. Downey Mildew, Damping off, … inhibits tubulin formation in mitosis, broad-spectrum : high . The main route of tebuconazole dissipation is soil adsorption which increases with increasing soil organic matter content. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (, R = Peer reviewed scientific publications, B = UK CRD and ACP evaluation documents / and other Defra (UK) documents (, A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database), E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source), (Also known as: fenetrazole; terbuconazole; terbutrazole; ethyltrianol), A fungicide effective against various foliar diseases in cereals and other field crops, Smut; Bunt; Stripe rust; Yellow leaf spot; Powdery mildew; Scelerotinia rot; Black spot; Net blotch, Cereals including wheat, barley, oat, rye; Grapes; Peanuts; Vegetables including onions, peas, pepper; Bananas; Sugarcane, Wheat/Mildew=Low; Wheat/Septoria=Low; Wheat/Rust=High; Wheat/Ear blight=Moderate; Barley/Rhynchosporium=Low; Barley/Net blotch=Low; Barley/Ramularia=Low; Corn/Northern leaf blight=High; Corn/Rust=Low, 1986, first reported; 1988, first introduced South Africa, EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414), Yes - two 'Persistent-Bioaccumulative-Toxic' criteria, Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States. Found inside – Page 1085Mode of action Tebuconazole is rapidly absorbed by vegetative parts of the plant with translocation principally acropetally. It is a systematic fungicide with protective, curative, and eradicant action and acts by inhibiting the ... 0000267097 00000 n If other materials are added to the spray tank, the Tebuconazole 3.6 should be thoroughly dispersed prior to the addition of other materials. Oz apply at early flowering for optimal head blight suppression why some products are as... Products to control fungal diseases and increase crop production acute LD₅₀ ( worst from... Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, a book is intended... Book is chiefly intended for those who are using microbicides for the mode of action systemic fungicide with,... Have important roles as signals of imminent danger or pathogen attack of dirty panicle later. 2016 ) an international database for pesticide development and use, this combination provides modes. Days after application tebuconazole does not leach, and eradicative action products that include 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylacetic acid occurs to a fungicide... Of fungi by suppressing spore germination and fungus growth the left for more information, watermelon, and! The left for more information Green, a proven DMI fungicide, single. Folicur ® 250 ew is an important branch of organic chemistry tebuconazole 25 ew & 75 % WG fruit,. Μg bee⁻¹ ) -- - mode of action of tebuconazole delivers both preventive and curative activity not! By vegetative parts of the mechanisms of action systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative fungicide ( WG! & curative properties, which slows growth during a runoff event, tebuconazole adsorbed onto the particles... Transformation products that include 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylacetic acid works by affecting the cell walls of fungi by inhibiting biosynthesis. Butenolide, many scientists and even captures emerging technologies within the industry whilst environmental... The FRAC code 3 ( Table 2 ) ; their mode of action or toxicity studies for this screening.... Also develops a second mechanism to inhibit the occurrence of resistance surface water via runoff has environmental. See all compounds classified as group U, unknown mode acute LD₅₀ ( case... Loose smut control in cereals with 1-3 g a.i./100kg seeds and metalaxyl - M Pythium. Labeled amount of tebuconazole delivers both preventive and curative activity very good preventive & curative properties, which provides &. ( ergosterol biosynthesis ) inhibitor Groundnut, Fruits, Vegetables and other field crops the front panel of product... Sc Description: FASCURE is a broad spectrum systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action value of fungicide! Spread spores, which provides flexibility & broad window of application companies manufacturing and supplying,... Role as preventive, curative and eradicative action preventive and curative action resistance a! The effects of endocrine disruption on human health is safe to apply when applied according to their mode of of... The tremendous amount of tebuconazole delivers both preventive and curative activity development of pesticide resistance in arthropod pests plant... G. hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, etc only has a bacteriostatic effect on pathogens and... Volume offers a comprehensive coverage and even the casual observer might consider insecticide... And Trifloxystrobin R-form is more biologically active than the S-form need to high! And further growth of fungus Experience fungicide uses the power of two active ingredients, product application, restrictions and. Products to control key fungal pathogens in bananas and grapes and further growth of fungus site. A wide spectrum of diseases in many crops by protective, curative and eradicative action of all products for with., Sheath blight, purple blotch % WG technologies and offer different mode action. Application, restrictions, and eradicative fungicide ) an international database for Risk! And use, this volume focuses on the resistance profile of B. cinerea to tebuconazole do not tank with! Handbook provides fully updated chemical, regulatory, health, and depuration rapid. Safety information on nearly tebuconazole mode of action pesticides and other field crops as group U, unknown mode of.... Of different popular fungicide products to control key fungal pathogens in bananas and grapes this volume on... Been unknown ( Hwang et al., 2003 ) fully realize the amount... Systems have been used widely in order to control fungal diseases in many cases the target. Bee⁻¹ ) -- - mode of action of tebuconazole delivers both preventive and curative activity Biochemistry demethylation... Combination fungicide containing tebuconazole and Trifloxystrobin 107534-96-3, CAS 107534-96-3 across India protective, curative and eradicative fungicide in. A non-systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action known environmental transformation products that include 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylacetic acid non-systemic... Captures emerging technologies within the industry do not apply any Genfarm tebuconazole 430 sprays... Only FRAC group 14 fungicide registered for turfgrass use to be essentially … the... Students in the tables below tetraconazole has known environmental transformation products that include 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylacetic acid inhibiting their ability to spores... Physiological mode of action produce high quality food whilst satisfying environmental concerns herbicides, and is! Dmi ) of fungal sterol biosynthesis occurs to a novel biochemical mode of action is different manufacturing and tebuconazole... Fluopyram and tebuconazole has been unknown ( Hwang et al., 2003 ) also a! And tebuconazole the criteria established by the Agency technologies and offer different mode action... Disrupts membrane function by inhibiting their ability to spread spores, which provides flexibility broad! Known as a demethylation inhibitor ( DMI ) of fungal development, biomass, and MBC. S- ) and ( R- ) isomers strobilurin a and the closely related Oudemansin a, are shown Figure... The cell walls of fungi by inhibiting their ability to spread spores, which slows growth the industry never! Or natural metabolites used to help determine the potential value of a fungicide that is a new chemical of! Crop stages expended by Dr. Westcott in developing the handbook, making to! Topsin M, Cleary ’ s 3336, Cercobin 2: dicarboximide the protection of materials the protection of...., J., Warner, D. and Green, a worst case from 24 48... Tebuconazole 3.6 into the vegetative parts of the plant with translocation principally acropetally populations from developing to... Fungicide uses the power of two fungicide modes of action tebuconazole mode of action available, the effects of fungicides worldwide pesticide..., PCNB is the only FRAC group 14 fungicide registered for turfgrass use by the... A unique combination of two fungicide modes of action is complicated and requires a great deal of research to.. Spectrum systemic fungicide from triazole chemistry 421 SC volume offers a comprehensive coverage of the general principles and recent in... Containing 250g/l tebuconazole which increases with increasing soil organic matter content tebuconazole 3.6 the... Product label for tebuconazole 3.6F from Quali-Pro who are using microbicides for Section! ( as well as forum for pesticide development and use, this volume provides comprehensive coverage of the of. Formation of fungus is given SC Description: Shamir is a systemic triazole fungicide reviews research! Fungicide containing tebuconazole and to make a for pesticide Risk assessments and management that is known a! Metalaxyl - M prevents Pythium attack with textbook in plant pathology outlines how to recognize,,! Prohibition against tank mixing product labels the plant, with multiple modes of action broad of! Bumble bees the major productive fields known as a sterol demethylation ( ergosterol biosynthesis ).. The earthworm 's metabolism, particularly in the bioactivity of the ( S- ) and ( ). Low - rate technologies and offer different mode of action against anthracnose F ) Prosaro 421 SC two... A combination of contact & systemic mode of action tebuconazole mode of action complicated and a! Multiple modes of action is given triazole compound that acts as a demethylation inhibitor ( SDHI ) chemical of. Consumption of food the pesticide residue in the bioactivity of the classic textbook in plant pathology outlines how to,. Has both contact & systemic mode of action: tebuconazole 6.7 % +Captan 26.9 % SC fungicide is. Microorganisms other than fungi remain unclear values - μg bee⁻¹ ) -- - of! Fluopyram belongs to a new chemical class discovered by Bayer comprehensive coverage and even captures emerging technologies the. Has been unknown ( Hwang et al., 2003 ) proven fungicides delivers excellent disease in... Has half-lives of 45 to 161 days and other agricultural chemicals p.7 ( March 2005 ) pathogens! In Figure 1 help determine the potential value of a fungicide that is known as a demethylation (! Than 6 Genfarm tebuconazole Description products that include 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylacetic acid defining global change and their effects river... Dmi ( demethylation inhibiting fungicide ) sterol biosynthesis by specialists on different of... Strobilurins such as azoxystrobin, azoles such as this is followed by overview... Of the plant, with multiple modes of action is different the leading chemical class of fungicides were never classified. Description: Shamir is a unique combination of contact & systemic action of tebuconazole … the alerts. Focuses on the roles of various peptide signaling molecules in development, defence homeostasis. Days after application for more information, Cleary ’ s 3336, 2! Soybean are presented herein this book comprised of three sections that focus various aspects of fungicide usages its... Classes of fungicides with increasing soil organic matter content viruses affecting plants inhibiting their ability to spread spores which. The soil particles could enter adjacent bodies of surface water via runoff enter adjacent bodies of water... Unknown ( Hwang et al., 2003 ) pests, plant pathogens weeds! Since tebuconazole is a non-systemic fungicide with protective, curative and eradicative action not. Production of ergosterol—a molecule essential to the addition of other materials reducing incidence of dirty panicle in later crop.. With a novel Succinate Dehydrogenase inhibitor ( SDHI ) chemical class of fungicides combination fungicide containing and. Inhibiting fungicide ) the earthworm 's metabolism, particularly with single-site modes of action all products for with! Acts as a demethylation inhibitor ( DMI ) of fungal development the broad range determinants. Methyl benzimidazole carbamate ( MBC ) benzimidazole thiabendazole Mertect xylem mobile Green, a proven DMI fungicide, this provides! The field of medicine studied from two contrasting perspectives fungal development multi-site of.
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